Showing posts with label Biochemistry. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Biochemistry. Show all posts
Recommended MBBS books for 1st Year MBBS
- Snell Clinical Anatomy
- Clinical Oriented Anatomy by Keith L. Moore
- Last's Anatomy
- Netter's Atlas of human anatomy
- Langman's medical Embroyolgy
- Medical Physiology by Guyton & Hall
- Human Physiology by Sherwood
- Lippincott's Illustrated Biochemistry
- Harper's Biochemistry
- Difiore's atlas of Histology
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Recommended Books For 2nd Year MBBS
- Snell Clinical Anatomy
- Clinical Oriented Anatomy by Keith L. Moore
- Last's Anatomy
- Snell Clinical neuroanatomy
- Netter's Atlas of human anatomy
- Langman's medical Embroyolgy
- Medical Physiology by Guyton & Hall
- Lippincott's Illustrated Biochemistry
- Harper's Biochemistry
- Difiore's atlas of Histology
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Unique Steps of Gluconeogenesis
Reactions that are bypassed or you can say which are unique are :
Note: These steps are irreversible steps of glycolysis and as gluneogenesis is reverse of glycolysis these irreversible steps are bypassed by using following enzymes.
Step 1 is conversion of pyruvate --> oxaloacetate and is catalyzed by : Pyruvate Carboxylase
Step 2 is the conversion of by oxaloacetate --> PEP
Thus PEP is an intermediate of glycolysis so the reaction move in opposite direction as far as Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate step is reached.
*Step 3 is the conversion of
Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate --> Fructose 6-phosphate
Step 4 is the conversion of Glucose 6-phosphate --> Glucose
Global Regulation in liver cells includes reciprocal effects of a cyclic AMP, triggered by the hormone glucagon when blood glucose is low. Phosphorylation of enzymes and regulatory proteins in liver by Protein Kinase A (cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinaseresults in inhibition of glycolysis and stimulation of gluconeogenesis, making glucose available for release to the blood.
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Electron transport chain and inhibitors
Inhibitors:
Complex I - Rotenone,amytal
Complex II - Carboxin
Complex III - antimycin A
Complwx IV - cyanide ions,CO,sodium azide
Complex V - oligomycin
