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Past papers of last 5 years of all universities for M.B.B.S students of basic Sciences(1st Prof) have been added. ------ Histology Slides for 1st Year MBBS have been added. ------- More past papers for 1st year MBBS have been added in Past papers section ----Prof paper of 2nd year 2012 (Bahria University) has been added in Past papers 2nd year MBBS section --- Dissection videos of pelvis and brain (2nd Year) has been added --- Histology slides of 2nd Year has been added

Difference between Nephrotic and Nephritic syndrome


The difference between Nephrotic and Nephritic syndrome is something easy to forget, especially since the words are almost identical. On a simple level, just remember that Nephrotic syndrome involves the loss of a lot of protein, whereas Nephritic syndrome involves the loss of a lot of blood.>



Nephrotic Syndrome

Proteinurea (>3.5g in 24hrs)
++++ Protein
Urine looks frothy
Tip: Nephrotic and Protein both have an “O” which may help you remember!
.
Hypoalbuminaemia
Albumin is lost in the urine
Due to gaps in Podocytes allowing proteins to escape
.
Oedema
Swelling around ankles  and  eyes
Due to loss of albumin
Intravascular oncotic pressure ↓
Fluid moves out of vessels
.
Hyperlipidemia
Not really understood why this happens
Just a case of remembering it does!


Nephritic Syndrome

Haematuria
+++ Blood – May be microscopic or macroscopic haematuria
Red cell casts – distinguishing feature, form in nephrons  and  indicate glomerular damage
Podocytes develop large pores which allow blood  and  protein through
.
Proteinurea
++ Protein (small amount)
.
Hypertension
Usually only mild
.
Low urine volume <300ml/day
Due to renal function been poor

Different Types Of Intra-Venous( IV ) Solutions And Their Compositions


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Cubital Fossa


BOUNDRIES:

Latreally : Brachioradialis
Meially : Pronator Teres
Roof :  Line between two epicondyles

CONTENTS:


  • Brachial Artery and bifurcation of the artery.
  • Median Nerve

Note : See the picture for more details.








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From Where To Buy Medical Books In Rwp/IBD


From Where To Buy Medical Books In Rawalpindi/Islamabad


Islamabad:      
  • Saeed book bank in Jinnah Super F-7 or 
  • Mr. Book in super market F-6. 
But the Best option is to bye from Prince Book shop.

Prince Book Shop has 3 branches in Rawalpindi :
  1. Tipu Road Branch (opposite to Rawalpindi Medical College)
  2. Riphah Book Shop ( Inside Islamic Intl Medical College) Peshawar road
  3. Foundation University Medical College (FUMC) book shop - DHA I .  

  • You can buy medical books at Prince Book Shop cheaper than Saeed Book Bank or Mr. Books. 
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Recommended MBBS books for 1st Year MBBS

Anatomy
  • Snell Clinical Anatomy
  • Clinical Oriented Anatomy by Keith L. Moore
  • Last's Anatomy
Atlas for anatomy
  • Netter's Atlas of human anatomy
Embroyolgy
  • Langman's medical Embroyolgy
Physiology
  • Medical Physiology by Guyton & Hall
  • Human Physiology by Sherwood
Biochemistry
  • Lippincott's Illustrated Biochemistry
  • Harper's Biochemistry
Histology Atlas
  • Difiore's atlas of Histology

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Recommended MBBS books for 3rd year MBBS


Pathology
  • Robbins Basic Pathology
Microbiology
  • Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology by Levinson
Microbiology 
  • Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Pharmacology
  • Katzung Basic and Clinical Pharmacology
Forensic Medicine
  • Simpson
  • Parikh's Text book of Medical Jurisprudence, Forensic Medicine and Toxicology


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