Bahrian Doctors

Recommended Books For 2nd Year MBBS

2:02 pm Bahrian Docotrs

Anatomy

Snell Clinical Anatomy
Clinical Oriented Anatomy by Keith L. Moore
Last's Anatomy

Neuroanatomy

Snell Clinical neuroanatomy

Atlas for anatomy

Netter's Atlas of human anatomy

Embroyolgy

Langman's medical Embroyolgy

Physiology

Medical Physiology by Guyton & Hall

Biochemistry

Lippincott's Illustrated Biochemistry
Harper's Biochemistry

Histology Atlas

Difiore's atlas of Histology

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Unique Steps of Gluconeogenesis

12:01 pm Bahrian Docotrs

Reactions that are bypassed or you can say which are unique are :

These are the four steps.
Note: These steps are irreversible steps of glycolysis and as gluneogenesis is reverse of glycolysis these irreversible steps are bypassed by using following enzymes.

Step 1 is conversion of pyruvate --> oxaloacetate and is catalyzed by : Pyruvate Carboxylase

Step 2 is the conversion of by oxaloacetate --> PEP
Thus PEP is an intermediate of glycolysis so the reaction move in opposite direction as far as Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate step is reached.

*Step 3 is the conversion of
Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate --> Fructose 6-phosphate

Step 4 is the conversion of Glucose 6-phosphate --> Glucose

Global Regulation in liver cells includes reciprocal effects of a cyclic AMP, triggered by the hormone glucagon when blood glucose is low. Phosphorylation of enzymes and regulatory proteins in liver by Protein Kinase A (cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinaseresults in inhibition of glycolysis and stimulation of gluconeogenesis, making glucose available for release to the blood.